Ranking systems use different methodologies, indicators, and data sources\nprimarily focused on research quality and their results are important for\nstakeholders to compare universities on global level. Ranking also improves\nuniversity global image, recruitment, and funding. Despite their importance\nrankings have flaws and pitfalls that cause controversy and concern. Detailed\nstudy of ranking literature indicated that research data shared by universities\nis a matter of concern in relation to credibility and authenticity. It also indicated\nthat subjective ranking tools can produce erroneous results making\nthem less useful for stakeholders. Some methodologies are also inherent flaws\nthat produce different ranks for the same institution in different rankings.\nDue to lack of clear differences between universities it is recommended that\nstakeholders should consider detailed score tables rather than general ranking\nlists. Stakeholders should also acknowledge university disciplinary focus and\neducation aspects that are not covered by rankings. This treatise is designed\nto give insight into rankings for academics and stakeholders with the aim of\nelucidating ranking importance, methodology, and indicators. It also gives\ncomprehensive perspective of influential rankings and general analysis of\nranking controversy, concerns, flaws, and pitfalls.
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